Autism Basics and Terminology

Autism is a complex neurological disorder that affects individuals in the areas of communication, social interactions, and in the processing of sensory input. Autism is referred to as a spectrum disorder, meaning that symptoms can occur in any combination and with varying degrees of severity. The characteristic indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may or may not be apparent in infancy, but usually become apparent in early childhood (24 months to 6 years).

Currently, the causes of autism are unknown and there are no specific medical treatments or cures. There is no medical test that enables a diagnosis, but rather the diagnosis of autism is based solely upon observations of behavior. It is believed that, in part, there is a genetic basis for autism, but it is unclear which specific genes may be involved. Researchers have proposed that immunological, metabolic, and environmental factors may also play a part in the etiology of autism. In some children the characteristic behaviors of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) become apparent in infancy. Other children may not show signs of autism until the period of from two years old to six years old. Autism is four times more common in boys than girls.

Autism is the most common development disability, more common than Down Syndrome. The Centers for disease Control and Prevention indicate that one out of every 166 children born will have some form of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Although autism is a life long disability, in most cases intensive early intervention and family supports can have a dramatic impact on the child?s ability to learn communication, self help, social and academic skills.

Diagnoses

Autism is classified as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). The specific diagnoses within the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) include:

Autism sometimes referred to as Classic Autism
Autism affects a person?s ability to communicate, form relationships with others, and respond appropriately to the environment. Some people with autism are said to be high functioning, and have the ability to speak and learn social skills. Some high functioning autistic individuals have above average intelligence. Other people with classic autism may be more severely affected and may be non-verbal and have cognitive impairments.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
Also known as atypical autism, PDD/NOS is a diagnosis often considered for children showing symptoms of autistic disorder, but who do not met the specific diagnostic criteria for the other Pervasive Developmental Disorders.

Asperger's Syndrome
Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome do not typically have delays in spoken language development. However, they often have serious deficits in social and communication skills. People with this neurobiological disorder often have repetitive and ritualistic routines, as well as strong preoocupations with a particular subject area.

What are some of the educational/treatment approaches that parents and teachers use to help children with autism? Following is a chart with basic information about a variety of approaches. More in-depth explanations can be found in the Interventions section of our website.